زمان حال کامل در زبان انگلیسی

زمان حال کامل

Present perfect tense

زمان حال کامل:

عزیزان من، سروران گرامی و زبان آموزان عزیز

امیدوارم که تا حالا خسته نشده باشید و از آموزش زبان انگلیسی و آموختن موضوعات مختلف و مطالب جدید به وجد آمده باشید.

عزیزان من!

در اینجا و در این لحظه من قصد دارم که به شما زمان های کامل یعنی حال کامل، گذشته کامل و آینده کامل را آموزش بدهم.

عزیزان من بارها و بارها تاکید کرده ام که مهمترین چیزی که شما باید به آن توجه کافی داشته باشید و آن را دقیقا یاد بگیرید درک و مفهوم زمان در و نحوه کاربرد آن در زبان انگلیسی است.

گرامر یک جمله ، حفظ فرمول و نحوه ساخت یک جمله حتی یک ریال هم ارزش ندارد؛ من از شما خواهش می کنم که تمام تلاش خود را بکار ببرید تا بتوانید مفهوم یک زمان را در زبان انگلیسی یاد بگیرید و در ادامه آن را آنقدر تکرار و تمرین بکنید که بطور کامل به آن زمان مسلط شوید.

در ابتدای این بخش من قصد دارم به شما زمان present perfect tense  یا زمان حال کامل را آموزش بدهم؛ امیدوارم که شما هم تمام تلاش خود را بکار ببرید تا به این زمان مسلط بشوید.

Present perfect tense                                                                                         

دانش آموزان عزیز درک و بکار بردن زمان های مختلف در زبان انگلیسی، مهارت و اعتماد شما را به خودتان در هنگام صحبت کردن افزایش می دهد؛ به همین دلیل من از شما می خواهم که زمان ها را در زبان انگلیسی دقیق یاد بگیرید تا بتوانید آنها را در صورت نیاز درست و صحیح بکار ببرید.

در اینجا با هم زمان حال کامل یا present perfect tense  را یاد می گیریم.

لطفا به این مثال توجه نمایید.

Sarah has lived in this house since two years ago.

شما از این جمله چه برداشتی دارید؟

امیدوارم که برداشت شما با مفهوم حال کامل، کاملا متناسب باشد.

اما از شما می خواهم که به توضیح زیر کاملا توجه نمایید:

اگر به جمله ی بالا توجه کافی داشته باشید، مفهوم جمله ی بالا این است که فاعل از دو سال پیش به این خانه آمده و دو سال گذشته را در این خانه زندگی کرده است و درنهایت هم در زمان حال یعنی الان در این خانه زندگی می کند.

لطفا جملات زیر را با دقت بخوانید و در باره ی آنها با دقت فکر کنید.

۱) Sarah moved in this house 2 years ago.

۲) She lived in this house during two past years.

۳) She is living in this house now.

اگر سه جمله ی بالا را گوینده بخواهد در یک جمله بیان کند، باید از زمان حال کامل استفاده نماید.

مثال دوم:

They have practiced swimming for 2 years.

لطفا به مفهوم جمله بالا ابتدا خوب فکر کنید.

مفهوم جمله بالا این است که فاعل یعنی they  از گذشته تا الان شنا تمرین می کرده است؛ و جمعا فاعل به مدت دو سال از گذشته تا حالا شنا تمرین کرده است.

به این سه جمله توجه کنید.

They started to practice swimming 2 years ago.

They practiced swimming during two past years.

They are practicing swimming now.

حالا گوینده می تواند سه جمله بالا را با هم ادغام نماید و آنها را به شکل جمله ی حال کامل زیر بیان نماید.

They have practiced swimming for 2 years.

پس  امیدوارم که مفهوم زمان حال کامل را دقیق یاد گرفته باشید.

لطفا به مثال های زیر بادقت توجه نماید و تلاش نمایید که مفهوم زمان حال کامل کاملا برای شما جا بیافتد.

My sister has studied English since last year.

My sister has studied English for one year.

مفهوم هر دو جمله بالا این است که فاعل فعل study  را از سال قبل شروع کرده و الان هم انگلیسی مطالعه می کند.

پس ترجمه ی دو مثال بالا می شود.

خواهرم از سال گذشته انگلیسی تمرین کرده است.

خواهرم بمدت یک سال انگلیسی تمرین کرده است.

مثال بعد:

I have been here since 10 o`clock.

من از ساعت ۱۰ اینجا بوده ام.

I have been here for 3 hours.

من بمدت ۳ ساعت اینجا بوده ام.

مثال بعد:

She has taught English in this school since she was 25.

او در این مدرسه از وقتی که ۲۵ ساله بود انگلیسی تدرس کرده است.

She has taught English for six years.

او در این مدرسه بمدت ۶ سال انگلیسی تدریس کرده است.

نحوه ساخت زمان حال کامل:

حالا شما لطفا مثال های زیر تا می توانید تکرار نمایید و تلاش نمایید به مفهوم آنها هم توجه کنید تا کاملا به زمان حال کامل و مفهوم آن در زبان انگلیسی مسلط بشوید.

I have worked in this company since 3 years ago.

You have worked in this company for 5 five years.

He has worked in this factory since he came in this city.

She has worked here since she got married.

They have worked in this factory for 8 months.

Sarah has been married for 2 years.

David has been married for 2 years too.

I have taught English since two decades ago.

I have taught English for two decades.

He has taught English for 8 years.

She has taught English for 8 years.

Sarah ahs taught English to us since she was 25.

Sarah has taught English to us for 5 years.

They have tried to solve this math exercise for 19 hours.

They have tried to solve this math exercise since 3 o`clock.

Sarah and her sister have tried to overcome their problems for 2 years.

Sarah and her sister have tried to overcome their problems since last year.

نکته مهم: در گویش بومی و محلی فاعل یا ضمایر فاعلی می توانند با have  یا has  ادغام شوند و به شکل های زیر بکار روند.

I`ve worked in this company since 3 years ago.

You`ve worked in this company for 5 five years.

He`s worked in this factory since he came in this city.

She`s worked here since she got married.

They`ve worked in this factory for 8 months.

Sarah`s been married for 2 years.

David`s been married for 2 years too.

I`ve taught English since two decades ago.

I`ve taught English for two decades.

He`s taught English for 8 years.

She`s taught English for 8 years.

Sarah`s taught English to us since she was 25.

Sarah`s taught English to us for 5 years.

They`ve tried to solve this math exercise for 19 hours.

They`ve tried to solve this math exercise since they came back home.

David`s wanted to have a car since I knew him.

David`s wanted her sister to study English for the past 2 years.

نحوه ی ساخت جمله ی سوالی زمان حال کامل:

Have you studied English since last week?

Has he studied English since last week?

Has David studied English since 10 o`clock?

Has your brother studied English since morning?

Has Sarah`s sister studied English since you came back home?

Have we studied English since you saw us?

Have they studied English since 2 months ago?

Have I been here for two weeks?

Have you been here for two weeks?

Has Sarah been here for ten weeks?

Has my brother been here for 10 days?

Has he been in England for 10 years?

Have we been there for 5 weeks?

Have you been in England for five months?

Have they been here for 8 months?

نخوه پاسخ دادن به این سوالات :

یادآوری: برای پاسخ دادن به یک سوال پاسخ دهنده باید به نکات زیر توجه نماید.

نکته اول: می دانید که اگر پاسخ شخص پاسخ دهنده بله باشد، یعنی فاعل فعل را انجام دهد، پاسخ دهنده می توانداز yes به معنی بله استفاده نمایید.

نکته دوم:اگر پاسخ شخص پاسخ دهنده منفی باشد، یعنی فاعل فعل را انجام نداده باشد، پاسخ دهنده از no به معنی خیر می تواند استفاده نمایید.

نکته سوم: پاسخ دهنده می تواند دو نوع پاسخ بکار ببرد، جواب کوتاه ( با استفاده از فاعل و فعل کمکی جمله ) و جواب کامل ( که شامل فاعل و فعل اصلی جمله و بقیه ارکان جمله می باشد) .

حالا لطفا به مثال زیر پاسخ دهید.

Have you studied English since morning?

اگر پاسخ شخص پاسخ دهنده بله باشد پس می تواند بگوید.

Yes, I have, I`ve studied English since morning.

و در حالتی که پاسخ منفی باشد، می تواند از NO به شکل زیر استفاده نماید.

No, I haven’t, I haven’t studied English since morning.

حالا شما تمام سوالات و پاسخ های زیر را بارها تکرار نمایید تا به تک تک آنها مسلط شوید.

Has Sarah been here for 8 years?

Yes, she has, she`s been here for 8 years.

Has your brother been married since he was a student at Tehran university? 

No, he hasn’t, he hasn’t been married since he was a university student.

Has he lived in Tehran since last year?

Yes, he has, he`s lived in Tehran since last year.

Have you immigrated to Canada since 8 years ago?

No, we haven’t, we haven’t immigrated to Canada since 8 years ago.

Have they wanted you to join their team since last year?

No, they haven’t, they haven’t wanted me to join their team since last year.

Have David and Sarah cooperated with each other on this project since last month?

Yes, they have, they`ve cooperated with each other on this project since last month.

Has your family left there since last week?

Yes, my family has, my family has left there since last week.

Has your sister joined their team for six months?

No, she hasn’t, she hasn’t joined their team for six months.

Has she taught English to you for six months?

Yes, she has, she`s taught English to me for six months.

Has she lived here with you for six months?

No, she hasn’t, she hasn’t lived here with me for six months.

Has your sister`s husband managed his company for four years?

Yes, he has, he`s managed his company for four years.

نحوه ی ساخت جمله ی منفی حال کامل:

I have not waited for you for 10 hours.

You have not waited for her for ten hours.

He has not played football for ten years.

She has not played piano for three hours.

Your family has not painted your apartment for six years.

They have not changed their car for twenty years.

We have not practiced English for two years.

نکته:” می توان در گویش بومی و محلی have یاhas  و not  را با هم ادغام کرد و آنها را به شکل کوتاه شده haven’t  یا hasn’t  بیان کرد.

I haven’t run in the park since three years ago.

You haven’t seen her since she came back Iran last month.

He hasn’t invited me to his birthday party since five years ago.

She hasn’t wanted us to help her since she was married.

Susan hasn’t saved money since two years ago.

David hasn’t met his family since last July.

They haven’t worked in this company since six months ago.

We haven’t gone there to see our family since they wanted us not to go there.

امیدوارم که با این مثال های متنوع توانسته باشید که به زمان حال کامل تسلط کامل پیدا کرده باشید.

زبان آموزان عزیز، زمان  حال کامل به شکل های گوناگون و با قیود مختلفی، در زبان انگلیسی بکار می رود؛ که در زیر تک تک آنها را بررسی خواهیم کرد:

کاربرد yet  در زمان حال کامل:

نکته مهمی را که باید در زمان حال کامل به آن توجه داشته باشید این است که yet  در جملات منفی و سوالی منفی زمان حال کامل بکار می رود.

I haven’t finished my homework yet.

I haven’t yet finished my homework.

با توجه به این دو مثال بالا می توان نتیجه گیری کرد که Yet  می تواند هم در ابتدای جمله قبل از فعل اصلی و هم در انتهای جمله بکار برود.

حالا مثال های زیر را تا می توانید تکرار نماید.

They haven’t wanted us to join them yet.

We haven’t asked them to accept us in their team yet.

He hasn’t left here yet.

David hasn’t done his homework yet.

He hasn’t turned the light off yet.

We haven’t been able to pay our debts to them back yet.

They haven’t sold their house yet.

Your sister hasn’t passed all her exams yet.

She hasn’t studied the books that she should study yet.

Her parents haven’t helped her to finish her project yet.

We haven’t washed our car yet.

David`s family hasn’t repaired their house yet.

They haven’t painted the walls blue yet.

Haven’t you eaten your lunch yet?

Hasn’t she swept her room yet?

Hasn’t he cleaned his room yet?

Haven’t they finished cleaning their rooms yet?

Haven’t Sarah and Sam been married yet?

Hasn’t your family sold their car yet?

Hasn’t your brother left Iran to Paris yet?

Haven’t you washed your cars yet?

Haven’t they changed their plans yet?

Haven’t you seen him and his family yet?

Hasn’t your friend returned your book that she borrowed last year yet?

کاربرد so far, up to now, up till now , by now  در زمان حال کامل:

I have read three books so far.

I have read three books by now.

I have read three books up to now.

Up till now, I have read three books.

مفهوم تمام جملات بالا این است که ” من تا حالا سه تا کتاب خوانده ام.”

یعنی فاعل از گذشته شروع به کتاب خواندن کرده و تا حالا سه تا کتاب خوانده است.

حالا مثال های زیر را تا می توانید تکرار نمایید.

I have finished writing my homework so far.

He has studied lesson one so far.

She has paid sixty percent of his debts so far.

Up to now, she has been able to pass two of her exams.

She has been able to pass two of her exams up to now.

Up to now, they have waited for her to come back and solve their problems.

She has lived in Canada by now.

Up to now, she has taught English to deaf students.

He has worked there so far.

He hasn’t spoken English so far.

Up to now, they haven’t wanted me to leave here.

David and Susan haven’t been able to speak English by now.

David has bought two houses up till now.

کاربرد های ever و never  در زمان حال کامل:

Ever و  never در زبان انگلیسی به دو مفهوم جدا بکار می روند. به نکات زیر درباره کاربرد ever  و never در انگلیسی توجه نمایید.

نکته اول: Ever  و never  اگر در زمان حال ساده بکار بروند به مفهوم هرگز یا هیچ وقت می باشند؛ اما اگر در زمان حال کامل بکار روند به معنی تاحالا یا تاکنون می باشند.

نکته دوم: ever در جملات منفی وسوالی بکار می رود، اما never  در جمله ی مثبت بکار می رود، ولی مفهوم جمله را منفی می کند.

لطفا جملات زیر را آنقدر تکرار کنید که بکاربرد ever و never  مسلط شوید.

Have you ever been in England?

Has he ever ridden a camel?

Has she ever sent you an email?

Have you ever wanted them to borrow you any money?

Have they ever tried to speak with you about their problems?

Have David and Sarah ever been in an English class to learn it?

Has your brother ever learned two foreign languages?

Has he ever learned how to drive a car?

حالا لطفا جملات منفی زیر را تکرار و تمرین نمایید.

He hasn’t ever been in England.

He has never been in England.

She hasn’t ever tried to learn a foreign language.

She has never tried to learn a foreign language.

Sarah hasn’t ever spoken with her father about her problems.

Sarah has never spoken with her father about her problems.

Her father hasn’t ever asked her what to do or not to do.

Her father has never asked her what to do or not to do.

Sara`s family hasn’t ever seen Sarah`s daughter.

Sarah`s family has never seen Sarah`s daughter.

They haven’t ever fixed their car.

They have never fixed their car.

Sue and Amy haven’t ever painted their apartment.

Sue and Amy have never painted their apartment.

دانش آموزان و زبان آموزان عزیز امیدوارم که تا حالا زمان حال کامل را یاد گرفته و آماده باشید تا بحث جدیدی را با هم یاد بگیریم.

عزیزان من، زمان حال کامل به مفهوم دیگری هم در زبان انگلیسی بکار می رود.

به این مثالها توجه نمایید.

I have eaten lunch lately.

من تازه ناهار خورده ام .

آیا به  نظر شما مفهوم جمله ی بالا این نیست که، گوینده بیان می کند که تازه ناهار خورده و الان سیر است.

I have seen Dr. Alavi before.

من قبلا دکتر علوی را دیده ام.

آیا به نظر شما مفهوم جمله ی بالا این نیست که، گوینده بیان می کند که فعل دیدن در گذشته نامعینی اتفاق افتاده اما اثر آن در زمان حال قابل مشاهده است.

I have been in England twice.

من دوبار در انگلیس بوده ام.

آیا به نظر شما مفهوم جمله بالا این نیست که، گوینده بیان می کند که فعل در گذشته چندین بار انجام شده اما اثر آن در زمان حال باقی است.

اگر به مثال های بالا دقیق و کامل توجه کنید در تمام مثال های بالا بیان می شود که فاعل فعل را در گذشته انجام داده و اثر آن در زمان حال باقی است.

در ادامه باهم مطالب فوق را با جزییات بیشتری یاد می گیریم.

کاربرد before و already  در زمان حال کامل:

نکته : before  در آخر جمله ی زمان حال کامل و already  در وسط جمله قبل از past participle  فعل بکار می روند.

لطفا مثال های زیر را تا می توانید تکرار نمایید.

I have seen her before.

I have already seen her.

You have already met her.

You have met her before.

He has already learned how to speak English.

He has learned how to speak English before.

She has already passed all her exams.

She has passed all her exams before.

They have already left Iran to Paris.

They have left Iran to Paris before.

Sarah has already changed her hair style.

Sarah has changed her hair style before.

David has already wanted his father to borrow him some money.

David has wanted his father to borrow him some money before.

They have already called her to invite her to their birthday party.

They have called her to invite her to their birthday party before.

کاربرد just, recently, lately  در زمان حال کامل:

نکته: just و recently  در زمان حال کامل قبل از فعل اصلی یعنی past participle  بکار می روند، و اما lately  در آخر جمله ی حال کامل بکار می رود.

I have just eaten lunch.

I have recently been in Shiraz.

I have changed my car lately.

You have just arrived at home.

You have recently arrived at home.

You have arrived at home lately.

He has just learned how to drive.

He has recently learned how to speak English.

He has learned how to deal with the problems lately.

She has just been married.

She has recently been married.

She has been married lately.

We have just bought this house.

We have recently bought this house.

We have bought this house lately.

They have just moved in their new house.

They have recently moved in their new house.

They have moved in their new house lately.

کاربرد قیود بیان تکرار مثل once, twice, thrice و … در زمان حال کامل:

در نتیجه برای بیان تعداد انجام فعل در زمان گذشته از قیود بیان تکرار استفاده می کند، که این قیود مثل:

Once                                         twice

Thrice                                       four times

Five times                                 ten times

Over and over                           again and again

Several times                             over and over again

این قیود هم می توانند در آخر جمله زمان حال کامل بکار روند.

I have met him once.

You have read this book twice.

He has changed his car thrice.

They have met each other four times.

He has invited them to his house ten times.

She has asked her father to let her go to university over and over.

He has been there again and again.

I have talked to her twice.

She has painted her house thrice.

They have called her over and over.

David has changed his job several times.

Sarah has been in Saudi Arabia once.

I have ridden the camel four times.

She has invited them over and over.

در صورتی که سوالی در مورد این مطلب دارید، در قسمت نظرات مطرح کنید ظرف مدت یک روز بشما پاسخ می دهیم.