Progressive tenses: زمان استمراری
عزیزان من امیدوارم که درس ها و مباحث گذشته را بطور دقیق و کامل یاد گرفته باشید و آماده باشید تا درس های جدید و آتی هم دقیق و کامل یاد بگیرید.
درس امروز ما درباره زمان های استمراری است.
عزیزان من بارها از شما تقاضا کرده ام که انگلیسی را انگلیسی یاد بگیرید و انگلیسی تمرین کنید؛ چرا؟
بخاطر اینکه این کار باعث خواهد شد شما انگلیسی را روان و راحت صحبت بکنید.
پس یکبار دیگر از شما خواهش می کنم از مقایسه زبان فارسی با انگلیسی دست بردارید، مفهوم زمان ها و جملات زبان انگلیسی را بر اساس آنچه که در زبان انگلیسی هستند و در زبان انگلیسی بکار می روند یاد بگیرید و تمرین کنید.
حالا برگردیم به بحث اصلی یا زمان های استمرارای:
| زبان آموزان عزیز در زبان انگلیسی افعالی را که فاعل در لحظات معین و مشخصی در زمان حال، گذشته و یا آینده در حال انجام آنها است، بوده و یا خواهد بود را با زمان های استمراری بیان می کنند.
|
به مثال های زیر توجه نمایید:
مثال اول:
Mina is washing the dishes in the kitchen now.
مینا الان در آشپزخانه در حال شستن ظرف ها است.
جمله بالا بیان کننده این است که فاعل در لحظه حال در حال انجام فعل است.
مثال دوم:
Mina was washing the dishes in the kitchen at 4 o`clock yesterday.
مینا دیروز ساعت ۴ در حال شستن ظرف ها در آشپزخانه بود.
جمله بالا بیان کننده این است که در زمان معینی در گذشته یعنی ساعت ۴ دیروز فاعل در حال انجام دادن فعلی بوده است.
مثال سوم:
Mina will be washing the dishes in the kitchen at 4 o`clock tomorrow.
مینا ساعت ۴ فردا در حال شستن ضرفها در آشپزخانه خواهد بود.
مثال بالا بیان کننده این است که فاعل در لحظه معینی در آینده در حال انجام دادن فعلی خواهد بود.
| پس می توان نتیجه گیری کرد که فعلی که در زمان معینی چه حال چه آینده چه گذشته در حال انجام شدن بوده، است یا خواهد بود با زمان های حال استمراری، گذشته استمراری و آینده استمراری بیان می شوند.
|
و اولین زمانی را که در اینجا من به شما آموزش خواهم داد، زمان حال استمراری خواهد بود.
Present progressive tense
لطفا شما به من بگویید همین الان در حال انجام چه کاری هستید؟
من می توانم پاسخ های شما را حدس بزنم.
یکی ار شما ممکن است بگوید که من الان دارم تلویزیون تماشا می کنم.
دیگری ممکن است بگوید، این چه سوالی است، خوب من الان دارم زبان انگلیسی را یاد می گیرم.
و دیگری هم ممکن اسن بگوید که من الان خوابیده ام و در نهایت هم ممکن است بگوید که من الان روی
صندلی نشسته ام.
خلاصه هرکس در این لحظه در حال انجام دادن کاری است.
گوینده برای بیان فعلی که فاعل در همین لحظه در حال انجام آن است از زمان حال استمراری استفاده می کند.
| زمان حال استمراری برای بیان افعالی بکار می رود که فاعل همین حالا یا در این لحظه در حال انجام دادن آن است.
|
چون بر طبق تعریف:
فرمول زمان حال استمراری به شکل زیر است:
| Subject + am / is / are + verb ing + objects + adverbs. |
مانند مثال های زیر:
I am watching TV now.
I am learning English now.
I am sleeping in my bed now.
I am sitting on the chair now.
پس یکبار دیگر به شما متذکر می شود که زمان حال استمراری برای بیان فعلی بکار می رود که فاعل در همین لحظه، دارد آن فعل را انجام می دهد.
لطفا مثال های زیر را تا می توانید تکرار نمایید تا بطور کامل به آنها مسلط شوید.
My sister is cooking lunch now.
She is tasting the food she cooks at this moment.
My father is sitting in front of the TV and watching football match at this moment.
Sara, my sister, is doing her homework just now.
I am alone and I am thinking about my future right now.
My little brother is making a lot of noise at home now.
My uncle`s family is working in the yard now, and they are collecting the lawn cut by my uncle.
They are gathering the leaves fallen off the trees now, too.
نحوه ساخت زمان حال استمراری:
| Am/ is/ are/ + subject + verb ing + objects + adverbs? |
Am I teaching you English now?
Are you learning English language with my CDs now?
Is your mother washing the dishes now?
Is she cooking the dinner in the kitchen now?
Is your father sweeping the sidewalks and paths now?
Is your brother sleeping in his room just now?
Is your sister sitting and speaking on the phone now?
Are your twin brothers building a new doll house in the garden now?
Are we learning French at this moment?
Are they cutting the lawn at this time?
Are your father and uncle arguing about politics now?
برای پاسخ دادن به این سوالات هم، پاسخ دهنده می تواند بر اساس الگوی زیر یا با yes یا با no پاسخ خود را بیان نماید.
مثال اول:
Am I teaching you English now?
Yes, you are, you are teaching me English now.
مثال دوم:
Are you teaching English to me now?
No, I am not, I am not teaching English to you now.
حالا شما به تک تک سوالات زیر هم با yes، هم با no پاسخ دهید تا بطور کامل به آنها مسلط شوید.
Are you learning English language with my CDs now?
Yes, I am, I`m learning English language with your CDs now.
Are you learning English language with ELS method now?
No, I`m not, I`m not learning English language with ELS method now.
Is your mother washing the dishes now?
Yes, she is, she`s washing the dishes now.
Is your mother washing the dishes now?
No, she is not; she isn’t washing the dishes now.
Is she cooking the dinner in the kitchen now?
Yes, she is, she`s cooking the dinner in the kitchen now.
Is she cooking the dinner in the kitchen now?
No, she isn`t, she isn’t cooking the dinner in the kitchen now.
Is your father sweeping the sidewalks and paths now?
Yes, he isn’t, my father isn’t sweeping the sidewalks and paths now.
Is your father sweeping the sidewalks and paths now?
No, he isn’t, my father isn’t sweeping the sidewalks and paths now.
Is your brother sleeping in his room just now?
Yes, he is, my brother isn’t sleeping in his room just now.
Is your brother sleeping in his room just now?
No, he isn’t, my brother isn’t sleeping in his room just now.
Is your sister sitting and speaking on the phone now?
Yes, she is, my sister is sitting and speaking on the phone now.
Is your sister sitting and speaking on the phone now?
No, she isn’t, my sister isn’t sitting and speaking on the phone now.
Are your twin brothers building a new doll house in the garden now?
Yes, they are, my twin brothers are building a new doll house in the garden now.
Are your twin brothers building a new doll house in the garden now?
No, they aren’t, my twin brothers aren’t building a new doll house in the garden now.
Are we learning English at this moment?
Yes, you are, you`re learning English at this moment.
Are we learning French at this moment?
No, you aren’t, you aren’t learning French at this moment.
Are they cutting the lawn at this time?
Yes, they are, they are cutting the lawn at this time.
Are they cutting the lawn at this time?
No, they aren’t. they aren’t cutting the lawn at this time.
Are your father and uncle arguing about politics now?
Yes, they are, my father and uncle arguing about politics now.
Are your father and uncle arguing about politics now?
No, they aren’t, my father and uncle arguing about politics now.
برای ساخت جمله منفی زمان حال استمراری هم باید به افعال کمکی am/ is / are ، not اضافه کرد.
| Subject + am not/ is not / are not/ + verb ing + objects + adverbs. |
I am not watching TV now; I am practicing English in my room now.
I`m not watching TV now; I’m practicing English in my room now.
My father is not watching TV now; he is helping my mom in the kitchen now.
My father isn’t watching TV now; he`s helping my mom in the kitchen now.
My sister and Sarah are not arguing now; they are speaking on the phone with each other now.
My sister and Sarah aren’t arguing now; they`re speaking on the phone with each other now.
My second brother is not making a lot of noise; he`s sleeping in his room now.
We are not doing our homework; we all are sitting around the table and talking about what we did today.
We aren’t doing our homework; we all are sitting around the table and talking about what we did today.
They aren’t watching football match now; they`re weeding the garden just now.
قیود زمانی زمان حال استمراری:
در زمان حال استمراری قیود زمانی بکار می روند که بیان کننده ی همین الان باشند، این قیود زمانی شامل:
Now حالا right now همین حالا
Just now همین حالا at this moment در این لحظه
At this time در این لحظه nowadays این روزها
لطفا جملات زیر را تا می توانید تکرار کنید تا کاملا به زمان حال استمراری مسلط شوید.
My brother is six years old; at this moment he is sitting on the chair and watching cartoon; and my father is standing near him and watching him.
Mina will have a very hard test tomorrow, so she is studying hard with her friend now; they are reviewing their lessons and they are trying to learn the lessons carefully.
My mom is in the kitchen now, she is cooking the food, while she is cooking the food, she is listening to the music; my mom is speaking on the phone too, in fact she is doing three things at the same time.
My parents are in the yard now, my father is watering the plants and my mother is weeding the flowerbed, they are cleaning the yard now.
I am in an English class now, the teacher is teaching the students new words; he is pronouncing the new words now and the students are repeating them after him.
Sara and Susan are arguing about their plans just now; Sara is yelling at Susan that she is right and Susan is yelling at her too; no one is listening to the other, they are both just shouting.
Just now the children are in the yard, Sue`s daughter is bouncing the ball, my daughter is catching the ball and my nephews are playing volleyball and my nieces are sitting around the pool and talking.
I am in a kindergarten now, there are many babies and children in this kindergarten; each child is doing something; one of them is crying and the other is eating biscuit; some of them are sitting around a table and drawing a picture; some of them are making a big doll house; two of them are pulling each other’s hair and three of them are sliding one after each other; I miss you because they are very cute.
کاربرد کلمات پرسشی در زمان حال استمراری:
عزیزان من می دانید که کلمات پرسشی مختلف وقتی توسط شخص سوال کننده بکار می روند که برای او قسمتی از جمله نامشخص و نا معین باشد؛ و هر کلمه پرسشی بیان کننده منظور خاصی است.
من برای یاد گیری بهتر کلمات پرسشی را به دو گروه تقسیم بندی می کنم:
الف: کلمات پرسشی فاعلی
ب: کلمان پرسشی غیر قاعلی
گروه اول یا کلمات پرسشی فاعلی که شامل who, what, how many, how much, whose, which هستند یا مستقیما خود فاعل را مورد سوال قرار می دهند( who, what ) یا مقدار و تعداد فاعل
(how many, how much)، یا مالکیت فاعل ( whose ) و یا درنهایت نوع فاعل را which) ) سوال می کنند.
اما گروه دوم یا کلمات پرسشی غیر فاعلی:
گروه دوم هم می توان بدو گروه تقسیم بندی کرد.
گروه اول یا کلمات پرسشی که مفعول را مورد سوال قرار می دهند، که این گروه دقیقا همان های هستند که فاعل را مورد سوال قرار می دهند.
گروه دوم یا کلمات پرسشی که سایر ارکان جمله مانند مکان وقوع فعل، زمان وقوع فعل، تعداد دفعه انجام فعل، نحوه انجام فعل و… را سوال می کنند.
عزیزان
من در اینجا قصد ندارم تک تک آنها را برای شما توضیح دهم، اگر در کاربرد و استفاده از کلمات پرسشی اشکال یا ایرادی دارید لطفا به کتاب آموزش زبان انگلیسی ۱ مراجعه نمایید و پس از رفع اشکال ها و ایرادات خودتان به ادامه این مبحث بپردازید.
حالا لطفا به جملات زیر خوب توجه کنید و به سوالاتی که از شما پرسیده می شود با دقت پاسخ دهید.
My brother is six years old; at this moment he is sitting on the chair and watching cartoon; and my father is standing near him and watching him.
Is your sister sitting on the chair and watching cartoon?
Who is sitting on the chair and watching cartoon?
Where is your brother sitting?
What is your brother doing now?
Is your brother watching football?
Is he watching cartoon?
Who is standing near him?
Whose father is standing near your brother?
Why is your father standing near your brother?
Mina will have a very hard test tomorrow, so she is studying hard with her friend now; they are reviewing their lessons and they are trying to learn the lessons carefully now.
Is Mina watching TV now?
Is she practicing English now?
What is she doing then?
Who is she studying hard with now?
Whose friend is Mina studying hard with?
Are they talking to each other now?
What are they doing now?
What are they reviewing now?
Are they trying to learn the lessons haphazardly?
How are they trying to learn the lessons?
My mom is in the kitchen now, she is cooking the food, while she is cooking food, she is listening to the music; my mom is speaking on the phone too, in fact she is doing three things at the same time.
Where is your mom now?
Is she washing the dishes in the kitchen?
What`s she doing in the kitchen now?
Is she watching TV while she is cooking food?
Is she singing while she is cooking food?
What`s she doing while she is cooking food?
What`s she listening to while she is cooking food?
Is your sister speaking on the phone now?
Who is speaking on the phone now?
How many things is she doing at the same time?
My parents are in the yard now, my father is watering the plants and my mother is weeding the flowerbed, they are cleaning the yard now.
Are your parents in the yard now?
Is your father weeding the flowerbed now?
Which of them is watering the plants now?
Which of them is weeding the flowerbed?
Who is cleaning the yard now?
Sara is in the English class now, her teacher is teaching the students new words; she is pronouncing the new words now and the students are repeating them after her.
Is Sara in the French class now?
What kind of class is Sara now?
Is her teacher teaching the students a song?
What`s her teacher teaching the students?
Is she pronouncing the new words?
Who is repeating the new words after her?
Sara and Susan are arguing about their plans just now; Sara is yelling at Susan that she is right and Susan is yelling at her too; no one is listening to the other, they are both just shouting.
Are Sara and Susan talking about their plans now?
Are they arguing about their plans just now?
Who`s arguing just now?
What are they arguing about?
Who`s yelling at Susan?
Why is Sara yelling at Susan?
Is Susan yelling at Sara too?
What are they both doing?
Just now the children are in the yard, Sue`s daughter is bouncing the ball, my daughter is catching the ball and my nephews are playing volleyball and my nieces are sitting around the pool and talking.
Where are the children now?
Whose daughter is bouncing the ball?
Who is catching the ball?
Are your nephews playing football?
What sport are they playing?
Who is playing volleyball?
Are your nieces sitting around the vegetable garden and talking?
Where are they sitting?
What are your nieces doing?
شکل مجهولی زمان حال استمراری:
شکل مجهولی زمان حال استمراری وقتی بکار می رود که گوینده بخواهد بیان نماید، فعلی روی کسی یا چیزی در حال انجام شدن است و برای او کسی که فعل را انجام می دهد اهمیت چندانی ندارد.
شکل مجهولی زمان حال استمراری به شکل زیر می باشد:
| Subject + am/ is / are being + past participle (verb) + by object + adverbs. |
در این حالت subject در حقیقت همان مفعول فعل ( شخص یا شی که فعل روی آن انجام شده ) که در ابتدای جمله مجهول قبل از فعل مجهول بکار رفته است.
و بعد از by ، object همان انجام دهنده فعل یا فاعل است که در جمله مجهول می تواند بعد از فعل بکار رود.
لطفا مثال های زیر تا می توانید تکرار و تمرین کنید تا به فرم مجهولی زمان حال استمراری بطور کامل مسلط شوید.
English is being taught to you by me now.
الان انگلیسی دارا به شما توسط من آموزش داده می شود.
They are being taken to school just now.
آنها الان دراند به بیمارستان برده می شوند.
من مایلم که در اینجا به یک نکته اشاره بکنم که به دلیل اختلاف زبان انگلیسی و فارسی ، گاهی ترجمه یک جمله انگلیسی به فارسی زیبا نخواهد شد و یک حالت عجیب و غریب را برای شما به همراه خواهد داشت؛ پس من از شما خواهش می کنم که تا می توانید تلاس کنید که مفهوم جملات انگلیسی را یاد بگیرید و آنها را آنقدر تکرار کنید تا به آنها مسلط شوید.
حالا لطفا جملات زیر را تا می توانید تکرار نمایید.
The food is being cooked in the kitchen now.
The house is being vacuumed by her now.
The baby is being taken to nursery now.
Joe and Sarah are being given some lessons at this moment.
The plants are being watered right now.
The plants that were growing too big are being cut by my father now.
At this moment, the windows are being washed by maid.
Football match is being watched at home at this time.
Julia`s homework is being done by her mother just now.
The streets are being decorated for the ceremony now.
These days, many people are being given a chance to invest their money.
عزیزان من، می دانید که برای ساخت شکل سوالی زمان حال استمراری می توان از افعال کمکی am / is / are استفاده کرد؛ یعنی با آوردن این افعال کمکی به ابتدای جمله قبلا زا فاعل جمله سوالی زمان حال استمراری چه به شکل معلوم چه به شکل مجهول ساخته می شود.
مانند:
Is Mina being punished by her mom now?
آیا مینا الان دارد توسط مادرش تنبیه می شود؟
اگر جواب پاسخ دهنده بله باشد می تواند بگوید:
Yes, she is, she is being punished by her mother now.
و اگر پاسخ او منفی باشد، می تواند بگوید:
No, she isn’t, she isn’t being punished by her mother now.
حالا من از شما خواهش می کنم به جملات سوالی زیر با دقت پاسخ دهید.
Is football match being watched at home now?
Yes, it is, it`s being watched at home now.
Is volleyball being watched at home now?
No, it isn’t, it isn’t being watched at home now.
What`s being watched at home now? (Football match)
Where is football match being watched now? (At home)
Is Arabic being taught to you by me now? (No)
Is French being taught to you by me now? (No)
What`s being taught to you by me Now? (English)
Who is English being taught to you by? (Me)
Who is English being taught to by me now? (Us)
Are the windows being washed from the outside now?
No,
Are the windows being cleaned from the outside now?
Yes,
What is being cleaned from the outside now? (The windows)
Where are the windows being cleaned from now? (The outside)
When are the windows being cleaned from the outside? (Now)
Is Ali`s homework being done by him at home right now?
No,
Is your homework being done by his sister at home right now?
Yes,
Whose homework is being done by Ali`s sister at home now? (Ali`s)
What`s being done by Ali`s sister at home right now? (Ali`s homework)
Whose sister is Ali`s homework being done by? (Ali`s sister)
When is Ali`s homework being done by his sister? (Just now)
Are Joe and Sue being trained how to use this car right now?
No,
Are Joe and Sue being trained how to speak English right now?
Yes,
Who is being trained how to speak English right now? (Joe and Sue)
What languages are they trained how to speak right now? (English)
Are the lazy students being punished by Professor Smith at this moment?
Yes,
Who is being punished by Professor Smith at this moment? (The lazy students)
How many students are being punished by Professor Smith at this moment? (Only lazy students)
Who are the lazy students punished by now? (Professor Smith)
Why are the lazy students punished by Professor Smith now? (Because they haven’t done their homework)
Are the injured men being taken to hospital now?
Yes,
Are the injured men being taken to school now?
No,
Who is being taken to the hospital now? (The injured men)
Where are the injured men being taken to now? (To the hospital)
Why are they being taken to the hospital? (Because they need to be cured)
عزیزان امیدوارم که تمام مباحث مربوط به زمان حال استمراری را دقیق و کامل یاد گرفته باشید و الان قادر به استفاده از این زمان چه به فرم معلوم و چه به فرم مجهول باشید.
در ادامه هدف من این است که به شما زمان گذشته استمراری را بیاموزم و از شما می خواهم که آماده باشید تا این زمان را هم بیاموزید و تکرار کنید تا به استفاده از آن هم مسلط شوید.
در صورتی که سوالی در مورد این مطلب دارید، در قسمت نظرات مطرح کنید ظرف مدت یک روز بشما پاسخ می دهیم.
